Our vision：#讓你成為國際貨代精英#

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1.提單的定義與關係人。海運提單Marine Bill of Lading or Ocean Bill of Lading，或簡稱為提單Bill of Lading, B/L
，是國際結算中的一種最重要的單據。《漢堡規則》給提單下的定義是：Bill of lading, means a document which evidences a contract of carriage by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and by which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrender of the document. A provision in the document that the goods are to be delivered to the order of the document. A provision in the document that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a named person, or to order, or to bearer, constitutes such an undertaking.《中華人民共和國海商法》1993年7月1日施行第71條規定：“tidan，shizhiyongyizhengminghaishanghuowuyunshuhetonghehuowuyijingyouchengyunrenjieshouhuozhezhuangchuan，yijichengyunrenbaozhengjuyijiaofuhuowudedanzheng。tidanzhongzaimingdexiangjimingrenjiaofuhuowu，huozheanzhaozhishirendezhishijiaofuhuowu
，huozhexiangtidanchiyourenjiaofuhuowudetiaokuan，gouchengchengyunrenjuyijiaofuhuowudebaozheng。”提單的主要關係人是簽訂運輸合同的雙方：托(tuo)運(yun)人(ren)和(he)承(cheng)運(yun)人(ren)。托(tuo)運(yun)人(ren)即(ji)貨(huo)方(fang)
，承(cheng)運(yun)人(ren)即(ji)船(chuan)方(fang)。其(qi)他(ta)關(guan)係(xi)人(ren)有(you)收(shou)貨(huo)人(ren)和(he)被(bei)通(tong)知(zhi)人(ren)等(deng)。收(shou)貨(huo)人(ren)通(tong)常(chang)是(shi)貨(huo)物(wu)買(mai)賣(mai)合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)的(de)買(mai)方(fang)，被(bei)通(tong)知(zhi)人(ren)是(shi)承(cheng)運(yun)人(ren)為(wei)了(le)方(fang)便(bian)貨(huo)主(zhu)提(ti)貨(huo)的(de)通(tong)知(zhi)對(dui)象(xiang)，可(ke)能(neng)不(bu)是(shi)與(yu)貨(huo)權(quan)有(you)關(guan)的(de)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)。如(ru)果(guo)提(ti)單(dan)發(fa)生(sheng)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)，則(ze)會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)受(shou)讓(rang)人(ren)、持有人等提單關係人。

2.提單的功能提單具有以下三項主要功能：提ti單dan是shi證zheng明ming承cheng運yun人ren已yi接jie管guan貨huo物wu和he貨huo物wu已yi裝zhuang船chuan的de貨huo物wu收shou據ju對dui於yu將jiang貨huo物wu交jiao給gei承cheng運yun人ren運yun輸shu的de托tuo運yun人ren，提ti單dan具ju有you貨huo物wu收shou據ju的de功gong能neng。不bu僅jin對dui於yu已yi裝zhuang船chuan貨huo物wu，承cheng運yun人ren負fu有you簽qian發fa提ti單dan的de義yi務wu，而er且qie根gen據ju托tuo運yun人ren的de要yao求qiu，即ji使shi貨huo物wu尚shang未wei裝zhuang船chuan，隻zhi要yao貨huo物wu已yi在zai承cheng運yun人ren掌zhang管guan之zhi下xia
，承cheng運yun人ren也ye有you簽qian發fa一yi種zhong被bei稱cheng為wei“收貨待運提單”的義務。所以，提單一經承運人簽發，即表明承運人已將貨物裝上船舶或已確認接管。提單作為貨物收據，不僅證明收到貨物的種類、數量、標誌、waibiaozhuangkuang
，erqiehaizhengmingshoudaohuowudeshijian，jihuowuzhuangchuandeshijian。benlai，qianfatidanshi，zhiyaonengzhengmingyishoudaohuowuhehuowudezhuangkuangjike，bingbuyidingyaoqiuyijianghuowuzhuangchuan。danshi，jianghuowuzhuangchuanxiangzhengmaifangjianghuowujiaofugeimaifang，yushizhuangchuanshijianyejiuyiweizhemaifangdejiaohuoshijian。eranshijiaohuoshilvxinghetongdebiyaotiaojian，yinci，yongtidanlaizhengminghuowudezhuangchuanshijianshifeichangzhongyaode。

提單是承運人保證憑以交付貨物和可以轉讓的物權憑證 對(dui)於(yu)合(he)法(fa)取(qu)得(de)提(ti)單(dan)的(de)持(chi)有(you)人(ren)，提(ti)單(dan)具(ju)有(you)物(wu)權(quan)憑(ping)證(zheng)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)。提(ti)單(dan)的(de)合(he)法(fa)持(chi)有(you)人(ren)有(you)權(quan)在(zai)目(mu)的(de)港(gang)以(yi)提(ti)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)換(huan)來(lai)提(ti)取(qu)貨(huo)物(wu)
，而(er)承(cheng)運(yun)人(ren)隻(zhi)要(yao)出(chu)於(yu)善(shan)意(yi)，憑(ping)提(ti)單(dan)發(fa)貨(huo)
，即(ji)使(shi)持(chi)有(you)人(ren)不(bu)是(shi)真(zhen)正(zheng)貨(huo)主(zhu)，承(cheng)運(yun)人(ren)也(ye)無(wu)責(ze)任(ren)。而(er)且(qie)，除(chu)非(fei)在(zai)提(ti)單(dan)中(zhong)指(zhi)明(ming)
，提(ti)單(dan)可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)經(jing)承(cheng)運(yun)人(ren)的(de)同(tong)意(yi)而(er)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)給(gei)第(di)三(san)者(zhe)，提(ti)單(dan)的(de)轉(zhuan)移(yi)就(jiu)意(yi)味(wei)著(zhe)物(wu)權(quan)的(de)轉(zhuan)移(yi)，連(lian)續(xu)背(bei)書(shu)可(ke)以(yi)連(lian)續(xu)轉(zhuan)讓(rang)。提(ti)單(dan)的(de)合(he)法(fa)受(shou)讓(rang)人(ren)或(huo)提(ti)單(dan)持(chi)有(you)人(ren)就(jiu)是(shi)提(ti)單(dan)上(shang)所(suo)記(ji)載(zai)貨(huo)物(wu)的(de)合(he)法(fa)持(chi)有(you)人(ren)。提(ti)單(dan)所(suo)代(dai)表(biao)的(de)物(wu)權(quan)可(ke)以(yi)隨(sui)提(ti)單(dan)的(de)轉(zhuan)移(yi)而(er)轉(zhuan)移(yi)，提(ti)單(dan)中(zhong)所(suo)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)權(quan)利(li)和(he)義(yi)務(wu)也(ye)隨(sui)著(zhe)提(ti)單(dan)的(de)轉(zhuan)移(yi)而(er)轉(zhuan)移(yi)。

jishihuowuzaiyunshuguochengzhongzaoshousunhuaihuomieshi
，yeyinhuowudefengxianyisuitidandezhuanyieryoumaifangzhuanyigeimaifang，zhinengyoumaifangxiangchengyunrentichupeichangyaoqiu。tidanshihaishanghuowuyunshuhetongchenglidezhengmingwenjiantidanshangyinjiudetiaokuanguidinglechengyunrenyutuoyunrenzhijiandequanli
、yiwu，erqietidanyeshifalvchengrendechuliyouguanhuowuyunshudeyiju
，yinerchangbeirenmenrenweitidanbenshenjiushiyunshuhetong。danshianzhaoyangedefalvgainian，tidanbingbujubeijingjihetongyingjuyoudejibentiaojian：它不是雙方意思表示一致的產物，約束承托雙方的提單條款是承運人單方擬定的；talvxingzaiqian，erqianfazaihou，zaozaiqianfatidanzhiqian，chengyunrenjiukaishijieshoutuoyunrentuoyunhuowuhejianghuowuzhuangchuandeyouguanhuowuyunshudegexianggongzuo。suoyi，yuqishuotidanbenshenjiushiyunshuhetong
，haiburushuotidanzhishizhishiyunshuhetongdezhengminggengweiheli。ruguozaitidanqianfazhiqian，chengtuoshuangfangzhijianyicunzaiyunshuhetong，zebuluntidantiaokuanruheguiding
，shuangfangdouyinganyuanxianqiandingdehetongyuedingxingshi

；但dan如ru果guo事shi先xian沒mei有you任ren何he約yue定ding，托tuo運yun人ren接jie受shou提ti單dan時shi又you未wei提ti出chu任ren何he異yi議yi，這zhe時shi提ti單dan就jiu被bei視shi為wei合he同tong本ben身shen。雖sui然ran由you於yu海hai洋yang運yun輸shu的de特te點dian，決jue定ding了le托tuo運yun人ren並bing沒mei在zai提ti單dan上shang簽qian字zi，但dan因yin提ti單dan畢bi竟jing不bu同tong於yu一yi般ban合he同tong
，所suo以yi不bu論lun提ti單dan持chi有you人ren是shi否fou在zai提ti單dan上shang簽qian字zi，提ti單dan條tiao款kuan對dui他ta們men都dou具ju有you約yue束shu力li。

3.提單的流通性提單作為物權憑證，隻要具備一定的條件就可以轉讓，轉讓的方式有兩種：kongbaibeishuhejimingbeishu。dantidandeliutongxingxiaoyuhuipiaodeliutongxing。qizhuyaobiaoxianwei，tidandeshourangrenbuxianghuipiaodezhengdangchipiaorennayangxiangyouyouyuqianshoubeishurendequanli。jutilaishuo，ruguoyigerenyongqizhashouduanqudeyifenkezhuanrangdetidan，bingbatabeishuzhuanranggeiyigeshanyide、zhifulejiajindeshourangren，zegaishourangrenbunengyincierqudehuowudesuoyouquan
，bunengyiciduikangzhenzhengdesuoyouren。xiangfan
，ruguozaihuipiaoliutongguochengzhongfashengzhezhongqingkuang，zehuipiaodeshanyishourangrendequanlirengjiangshoudaobaozhang，tarengyouquanxiangshouhuipiaoshangdeyiqiequanli。jianyuzhezhongqubie


，youdefaxuezherenweitidanzhijuyou“準可轉讓性”Quasi-negotiable。

4.提單的簽發有權簽發提單的人有承運人及其代理
、船長及其代理、chuanzhujiqidaili。dailirenqianshushibixuzhumingqidailishenfenhebeidailifangdemingchengjishenfen。qianshutidandepingzhengshidafushouju，qianfatidanderiqiyinggaishihuowubeizhuangchuanhoudafuqianfashoujuderiqi。tidanyouzhengbenhefubenzhifen。zhengbentidanyibanqianfayishiliangfenhuosanfen，zheshiweilefangzhitidanliutongguochengzhongwanyiyishishi，keyiyingyonglingyifenzhengben。gefenzhengbenjuyoutongdengxiaoli
，danqizhongyifentihuohou，qiyugefenjungaoshixiao。fubentidanchengyunrenbuqianshu，fenshugenjutuoyunrenhechuanfangdeshijixuyaoerding。fubentidanzhiyongyurichangyewu，bujubeifalvxiaoli。

‍‍‍‍‍‍5.youguantidandeguojigongyueyouyutidandelihaiguanxirenchangfenshuyubutongguoji
，tidandeqianfadihuoqiyunganghemudegangyoufenchuyubutongdeguojia，ertidanyoushiyougechuangongsigenjubenguoyouguanfaguidingzixingzhidingde，qigeshi
、內(nei)容(rong)和(he)詞(ci)句(ju)並(bing)不(bu)完(wan)全(quan)相(xiang)同(tong)
，一(yi)旦(dan)發(fa)生(sheng)爭(zheng)議(yi)或(huo)涉(she)及(ji)訴(su)訟(song)
，就(jiu)會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)提(ti)單(dan)的(de)法(fa)律(lv)效(xiao)力(li)和(he)適(shi)用(yong)法(fa)規(gui)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)

，因(yin)此(ci)，統(tong)一(yi)各(ge)國(guo)有(you)關(guan)提(ti)單(dan)的(de)法(fa)規(gui)，一(yi)直(zhi)是(shi)各(ge)國(guo)追(zhui)求(qiu)的(de)目(mu)標(biao)。當(dang)前(qian)已(yi)經(jing)生(sheng)效(xiao)

，在(zai)統(tong)一(yi)各(ge)國(guo)有(you)關(guan)提(ti)單(dan)的(de)法(fa)規(gui)方(fang)麵(mian)起(qi)著(zhe)重(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)或(huo)有(you)關(guan)國(guo)際(ji)貨(huo)物(wu)運(yun)輸(shu)的(de)國(guo)際(ji)公(gong)約(yue)有(you)三(san)個(ge)：海牙規則Hague Rules海牙規則的全稱是《統一提單若幹法律規定的國際公約》International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill of Lading，1924年8月25日由26個國家在布魯塞爾簽訂
，1931年6月2日生效。公約草案是1921年在海牙通過，因此定名為海牙規則。包括歐美許多國家在內的50多個國家都先後加入了這個公約。1936年，美國政府以這一公約作為國內立法的基礎製定了1936年美國海上貨物運輸法。

海(hai)牙(ya)規(gui)則(ze)使(shi)得(de)海(hai)上(shang)貨(huo)物(wu)運(yun)輸(shu)中(zhong)有(you)關(guan)提(ti)單(dan)的(de)法(fa)律(lv)得(de)以(yi)統(tong)一(yi)

，在(zai)促(cu)進(jin)海(hai)運(yun)事(shi)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)，推(tui)動(dong)國(guo)際(ji)貿(mao)易(yi)發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)麵(mian)發(fa)揮(hui)了(le)積(ji)極(ji)作(zuo)用(yong)，是(shi)最(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)和(he)目(mu)前(qian)仍(reng)被(bei)普(pu)遍(bian)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)國(guo)際(ji)公(gong)約(yue)，我(wo)國(guo)於(yu)1981年nian承cheng認ren該gai公gong約yue。海hai牙ya規gui則ze的de特te點dian是shi較jiao多duo的de維wei護hu了le承cheng運yun人ren的de利li益yi，在zai風feng險xian分fen擔dan上shang很hen不bu均jun衡heng
，因yin而er引yin起qi了le作zuo為wei主zhu要yao貨huo主zhu國guo的de第di三san世shi界jie國guo家jia的de不bu滿man，紛fen紛fen要yao求qiu修xiu改gai海hai牙ya規gui則ze
，建jian立li航hang運yun新xin秩zhi序xu。維wei斯si比bi規gui則zeVisby Rules在(zai)第(di)三(san)世(shi)界(jie)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)強(qiang)烈(lie)要(yao)求(qiu)下(xia)，修(xiu)改(gai)海(hai)牙(ya)規(gui)則(ze)的(de)意(yi)見(jian)已(yi)為(wei)北(bei)歐(ou)國(guo)家(jia)和(he)英(ying)國(guo)等(deng)航(hang)運(yun)發(fa)達(da)國(guo)家(jia)所(suo)接(jie)受(shou)
，但(dan)他(ta)們(men)認(ren)為(wei)不(bu)能(neng)急(ji)於(yu)求(qiu)成(cheng)，以(yi)免(mian)引(yin)起(qi)混(hun)亂(luan)，主(zhu)張(zhang)折(zhe)衷(zhong)各(ge)方(fang)意(yi)見(jian)

，隻(zhi)對(dui)海(hai)牙(ya)規(gui)則(ze)中(zhong)明(ming)顯(xian)不(bu)合(he)理(li)或(huo)不(bu)明(ming)確(que)的(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)作(zuo)局(ju)部(bu)的(de)修(xiu)訂(ding)和(he)補(bu)充(chong)
，維(wei)斯(si)比(bi)規(gui)則(ze)就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)。所(suo)以(yi)維(wei)斯(si)比(bi)規(gui)則(ze)也(ye)稱(cheng)為(wei)海(hai)牙(ya)-維斯比規則Hague-Visby Rules
，它的全稱是《關於修訂統一提單若幹法律規定的國際公約的議訂書》Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill of Lading，或簡稱為“1968年布魯塞爾議訂書”The 1968 Brussels Protocol，1968年2月23日在布魯塞爾通過
，於1977年6月生效。目前已有英、法、丹麥、挪威、新加坡
、瑞典等20多個國家和地區參加了這一公約。 漢堡規則Hamburg Rules漢堡規則是《1978年聯合國海上貨物運輸公約》United Nations Convention of the Carriage of Goods by Sea,1978
，1976年由聯合國貿易法律委員會草擬，1978年經聯合國在漢堡主持召開有71geguojiacanjiadequanquandaibiaohuiyishangshenyitongguo。hanbaoguizekeyishuoshizaidisanshijieguojiadefanfudouzhengxia
，jingguogeguodaibiaoduocicuoshang，bingzaimouxiefangmianzuochutuoxiehoutongguode。hanbaoguizequanmianxiugailehaiyaguize，qineirongzaijiaodachengdushangjiazhonglechengyunrendezeren

，baohulehuofangdeliyi，daibiaoledisanshijiefazhanzhongguojiayiyuan
，zhegegongyueyiyu1992年生效。但因簽字國為埃及，尼日利亞等非主要航運貨運國，因此目前漢堡規則對國際海運業影響不是很大。

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